14th Dalai Lama,Tenzin Gyatso
The 14th Dalai Lama (religious name: Tenzin Gyatso, shortened from Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, born Lhamo Dondrub, 6 July 1935) is the 14th and current Dalai Lama, as well as the longest lived incumbent.
Dalai Lamas are the head monks of the Gelugpa lineage of Tibetan Buddhism.
He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989, and is also well known for his lifelong advocacy for Tibetans inside and outside Tibet.
Tibetan Buddhists traditionally believe him to be the reincarnation of his predecessors and a manifestation of the Bodhisattva of Compassion.
The Dalai Lama was born in Taktser, Qinghai (also known to Tibetans as Amdo), and was selected as the rebirth of the 13th Dalai Lama two years later, although he was only formally recognized as the 14th Dalai Lama on 17 November 1950, at the age of 15.
The Gelug school's government controlled an area roughly corresponding to the Template:Wiki just as the nascent People's Republic of China wished to assert central control over it. There is a dispute over whether the respective governments reached an agreement for a joint Chinese-Tibetan administration.
During the 1959 Tibetan uprising, which China regards as an uprising of feudal landlords, the Dalai Lama, who regards the uprising as an expression of widespread Template:Wiki, fled to India, where he denounced the People's Template:Wiki and established a Tibetan government in exile.
A Template:Wiki speaker, he has since traveled the world, advocating for the Template:Wiki of Tibetans, teaching Tibetan Buddhism and talking about the importance of compassion as the source of a happy life. Around the world, Template:Wiki face pressure from China not to accept him.
He has spoken about such topics as Template:Wiki, Template:Wiki, women rights, non-violence, interfaith dialog, Template:Wiki health, and Template:Wiki, and has been the subject of controversy for his alleged treatment of Dorje Shugden followers and his office's receipt of support from the CIA in the 1960s and early 1970s.
Early life and background[edit | edit source]
Lhamo Döndrub (or Thondup) was born on 6 July 1935 to a Template:Wiki and horse trading family in the small hamlet of Taktser, in the eastern border of the former Tibetan region of Amdo, then already assimilated into the Template:Wiki province of Qinghai.
He was one of seven siblings to survive childhood.
The eldest was his sister Tsering Dolma, eighteen years older.
His eldest brother, Thupten Jigme Norbu, had been recognised at the age of eight as the reincarnation of the high Lama Taktser Rinpoche.
His sister, Jetsun Pema, spent most of her adult life on the Tibetan Children's Villages project.
The Dalai Lama's first language was, in his own words, "a broken Xining language which was (a Template:Wiki of) the Chinese language" as his family did not speak the Tibetan language.
Tibetans traditionally believe Dalai Lamas to be the reincarnation of their predecessors, each of whom is believed to be a human emanation of the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara.
A search party was sent to locate the new incarnation when the boy who was to become the 14th was about two years old. It is said that, amongst other Template:Wiki, the head of the embalmed body of the 13th Dalai Lama, at first facing south-east, had mysteriously turned to face the northeast—indicating the direction in which his successor would be found.
The Regent, Reting Rinpoche, shortly afterwards had a vision at the sacred lake of Lhamo La-tso indicating Amdo as the region to search—specifically a one-story house with Template:Wiki guttering and tiling. After extensive searching, the Thondup house, with its features resembling those in Reting's vision, was finally found.
Thondup was presented with various relics, including toys, some of which had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama and some of which had not.
It was reported that he had correctly identified all the items owned by the previous Dalai Lama, exclaiming, "That's mine! That's mine!
The Template:Wiki Template:Wiki General Ma Bufang did not want the 14th Dalai Lama to succeed his predecessor.
Ma Bufang stationed his men to place the Dalai Lama under effective house arrest, saying it was needed for "protection", refusing to permit his leaving to Tibet.
He did all he could to delay the transport of the Dalai Lama from Qinghai to Tibet, by demanding massive sums of money in Template:Wiki.
The demanded payment by Ma Bufang was 100,000 Template:Wiki Template:Wiki dollars
Lhamo Thondup was recognised formally as the reincarnated Dalai Lama and renamed Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso (Template:Wiki Lord, Gentle Glory, Compassionate, Defender of the Faith, Ocean of Wisdom) although he was not formally enthroned as the Template:Wiki ruler of Tibet until the age of 15;
instead, the Template:Wiki acted as the head of the Template:Wiki until that time. Tibetan Buddhists normally refer to him as Yishin Norbu (Wish-Fulfilling Gem), Kyabgon (Saviour), or just Kundun (Presence).
His Template:Wiki, as well as much of the Western world, often call him His Holiness the Dalai Lama, the style employed on the Dalai Lama's website.
Monastic education commenced at the age of six years, his principal teachers being Yongdzin Ling Rinpoche (senior tutor) and Yongdzin Trijang Rinpoche (junior tutor). At the age of 11 he met the Template:Wiki mountaineer Template:Wiki, who became his videographer and tutor about the world outside Lhasa.
The two remained friends until Harrer's death in 2006.
In 1959, at the age of 23, he took his final Template:Wiki at Lhasa's Jokhang Temple during the annual Monlam or prayer Template:Wiki.
He passed with honours and was awarded the Lharampa degree, the highest-level geshe degree, roughly Template:Wiki to a Template:Wiki in Buddhist philosophy.
Life as the Dalai Lama[edit | edit source]
See also : Dalai Lama
Historically the Dalai Lamas had Template:Wiki and religious influence in the Western Tibetan area of Ü-Tsang around Lhasa, where the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism was popular and the Dalai Lamas held land under their jurisdiction.
In 1939, at the age of four, the Template:Wiki Dalai Lama was taken in a procession of lamas to Lhasa.
The Dalai Lama's childhood was spent between the Potala Palace and Norbulingka, his summer residence, both of which are now Template:Wiki.
China asserts that the Kuomintang government ratified the 14th Dalai Lama and that a Kuomintang representative, General Wu Zhongxin, presided over the Template:Wiki. It cites a ratification order dated February 1940, and a documentary film of the Template:Wiki.
According to Tsering Shakya, Wu Zhongxin along with other foreign representatives was Template:Wiki at the Template:Wiki, but there is no Template:Wiki that he presided over it. He also wrote:
- "On 8 July 1949, the Template:Wiki (Tibetan Parliament] called Chen Xizhang, the acting director of the Template:Wiki and Tibetan Affairs Commission office in Lhasa.
He was informed that the Template:Wiki had decided to expel all Template:Wiki connected with the Guomingdang Government.
Fearing that the Template:Wiki might organize protests in the streets of Lhasa, the Template:Wiki imposed a curfew until all the Template:Wiki had left.
This they did on 14, 17 and 20 July 1949. At the same time the Template:Wiki sent a telegram to General Chiang Kai-shek and to President Liu Zongren informing them of the decision."
During his reign, a border crisis erupted with the Republic of China in 1942.
Under orders from the Kuomintang government of Chiang Kai-shek, Ma Bufang repaired Yushu airport to prevent Tibetan separatists from seeking Template:Wiki.
Chiang also ordered Ma Bufang to put his Template:Wiki soldiers on alert for an invasion of Tibet in 1942.
Ma Bufang complied, and moved several thousand troops to the border with Tibet.
Chiang also threatened the Tibetans with aerial bombardment if they worked with the Japanese.
Ma Bufang attacked the Tibetan Buddhist Tsang monastery in 1941. He also constantly attacked the Labrang monastery.
In October 1950 the Template:Wiki of the People's Republic of China marched to the edge of the Dalai Lama's territory and sent a delegation after defeating a legion of the Tibetan Template:Wiki in warlord-controlled Kham.
On 17 November 1950, at the age of 15, the 14th Dalai Lama was enthroned formally as the Template:Wiki ruler of Tibet.
Cooperation and conflicts with the PRC[edit | edit source]
The Dalai Lama's formal Template:Wiki was brief. He sent a delegation to Template:Wiki, which ratified the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet.
He worked with the Chinese government: in September 1954, together with the 10th Panchen Lama he went to the Template:Wiki capital to meet Template:Wiki and attend the first session of the National People's Congress as a delegate, primarily discussing China's constitution.
On 27 September 1954, the Dalai Lama was selected as a deputy chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, a post he officially held until 1964.
In 1956, on a trip to India to celebrate the Buddha's Birthday, the Dalai Lama asked the Prime Minister of India, Template:Wiki, if he would allow him Template:Wiki asylum should he choose to stay.
Nehru discouraged this as a provocation against peace, and reminded him of the Indian Government's non-interventionist stance agreed upon with its 1954 treaty with China.
The CIA, with the Korean War only recently over, offered the Dalai Lama assistance. In 1956, a large rebellion broke out in eastern Kham, an ethnically Tibetan region in Template:Wiki.
To support the rebels, the CIA launched a covert action campaign against the Communist Template:Wiki. A secret Template:Wiki Template:Wiki camp for the Khampa guerrillas was established at Camp Hale near Leadville, Template:Wiki, in the U.S. The guerrillas attacked Communist forces in Amdo and Kham but were gradually pushed into Template:Wiki.
Exile to India[edit | edit source]
At the outset of the 1959 Tibetan uprising, fearing for his life, the Dalai Lama and his retinue fled Tibet with the help of the CIA's Special Activities Division, crossing into India on 30 March 1959, reaching Tezpur in Template:Wiki on 18 April. Some time later he set up the [Government of Tibet in Exile]] in Dharamshala, India, which is often referred to as "Little Lhasa".
After the founding of the exiled government he re-established the approximately 80,000 Tibetan refugees who followed him into exile in agricultural settlements. He created a Tibetan educational system in order to teach the Tibetan children the language, history, religion, and Template:Wiki.
The Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts was established in 1959 and the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies[9] became the primary Template:Wiki for Tibetans in India.
He supported the refounding of 200 monasteries and nunneries in an attempt to preserve Tibetan Buddhist teachings and the Tibetan way of life.
The Dalai Lama appealed to the United Nations on the rights of Tibetans.
This appeal resulted in three resolutions adopted by the General Assembly in 1959, 1961, and 1965, all before the People's Template:Wiki was allowed representation at the United Nations.
The resolutions called on China to respect the human rights of Tibetans. In 1963, he promulgated a democratic constitution which is based upon the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, creating an elected parliament and an administration to champion his cause.
In 1970, he opened the Template:Wiki in Dharamshala which houses over 80,000 manuscripts and important knowledge resources related to Tibetan history, Template:Wiki and Template:Wiki. It is considered one of the most important Template:Wiki for Tibetology in the world.
International advocacy[edit | edit source]
At the Congressional Human Rights Caucus in 1987 in Template:Wiki., the Dalai Lama gave a Template:Wiki outlining his ideas for the Template:Wiki Template:Wiki of Tibet.
The plan called for Tibet to become a democratic "zone of peace" without nuclear weapons, and with support for human rights, that barred the entry of Template:Wiki.
The plan would later be called the "Strasbourg proposal", because he expanded on the plan at Strasbourg on 15 June 1988. There, he proposed the creation of a self-governing Tibet "in association with the People's Republic of China."
This would have been pursued by negotiations with the PRC government, but the plan was rejected by the Tibetan Government-in-Exile in 1991.
The Dalai Lama has indicated that he wishes to return to Tibet only if the People's Republic of China agrees not to make any precondition for his return.
In the 1970s, the then-Paramount leader Deng Xiaoping set China's sole return requirement to the Dalai Lama as that he "must [come back] as a Template:Wiki citizen.... that is, patriotism".
The Dalai Lama celebrated his seventieth birthday on 6 July 2005. About 10,000 Tibetan refugees, monks and foreign tourists gathered outside his home.
Patriarch Alexius II of the Template:Wiki Orthodox Template:Wiki affirmed positive relations with Buddhists.
Then President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Chen Shui-bian, attended an evening celebrating the Dalai Lama's birthday at the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall in Template:Wiki.
In October 2008 in Japan, the Dalai Lama addressed the 2008 Tibetan violence that had erupted and that the Chinese government accused him of fomenting.
He responded that he had "lost faith" in efforts to negotiate with the Chinese government, and that it was "up to the Tibetan people" to decide what to do.
Teaching activities[edit | edit source]
The Dalai Lama has conducted numerous public initiations in the Kalachakra, and is the author of many books, including books on the topic of Dzogchen, a practice in which he is accomplished. His teaching activities in the U.S. include the following:
In February 2007, the Dalai Lama was named Presidential Distinguished Professor at Emory Template:Wiki in Atlanta, Georgia; it was the first time that he accepted a Template:Wiki appointment.
On his April 2008 U.S. tour, he gave lectures at the Template:Wiki, Ann Arbor and at Colgate Template:Wiki (Template:Wiki) Later in July, the Dalai Lama gave a public lecture and conducted a series of teachings at Lehigh Template:Wiki (Pennsylvania).
On May 8, 2011, the Template:Wiki of Template:Wiki bestowed upon him their highest award, an Template:Wiki Doctor of Letters.
Interfaith Template:Wiki[edit | edit source]
The Dalai Lama met with Pope Paul VI at the Vatican in 1973. He met with Pope John Paul II in 1980 and also later in 1982, 1986, 1988, 1990, and 2003. In 1990, he met in Dharamshala with a delegation of Jewish teachers for an extensive interfaith Template:Wiki.[44]
He has since visited Template:Wiki three times and met during 2006 with the Chief Rabbi of Template:Wiki.
In 2006, he met privately with Pope Benedict XVI. He has met with the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Robert Runcie, and other leaders of the Anglican Template:Wiki in Template:Wiki, Gordon B. Hinckley, who at the time was the president of The Template:Wiki of Template:Wiki of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), as well as senior Eastern Orthodox Template:Wiki, Template:Wiki, Hindu, Jewish, and Template:Wiki officials.
The Dalai Lama is also currently a member of the Board of World Religious Leaders as part of The Elijah Interfaith Institute and participated in the Third Meeting of the Board of World Religious Leaders in Amritsar, India, on 26 November 2007 to discuss the topic of Love and Forgiveness.
On 6 January 2009, at Gujarat's Mahuva, the Dalai Lama inaugurated an interfaith "World Religions-Dialogue and Symphony" conference convened by Hindu preacher Morari Bapu.
This conference explored "ways and means to deal with the discord among major religions", according to Morari Bapu. He has stated that Template:Wiki scientific findings should take precedence where appropriate over disproven religious Template:Wiki.
On 12 May 2010, in Bloomington, Indiana (Template:Wiki) the Dalai Lama, joined by a panel of select scholars, officially launched the Common Ground Project, which he and HRH Template:Wiki Ghazi bin Muhammad of Jordan had planned over the course of several years of personal conversations. The project is based on the book Common Ground between Template:Wiki and Buddhism.
Template:Wiki stances[edit | edit source]
Abortion[edit | edit source]
The Dalai Lama has shown a nuanced and relatively flexible position on abortion.
He explained that, from the Template:Wiki of the Buddhist precepts, abortion is an act of Template:Wiki,.
He has also clarified that in certain cases abortion could be considered ethically acceptable "if the Template:Wiki child will be retarded or if the birth will create serious problems for the parent", which could only be determined on a case-by-case basis.
Template:Wiki, non-violence, religious harmony, and Tibet's relationship with India[edit | edit source]
The Dalai Lama says that he is active in spreading India's message of non-violence and religious harmony throughout the world. "I am the messenger of India's ancient thoughts the world over." He has said that Template:Wiki has deep roots in India.
He says he considers India the master and Tibet its disciple, as great scholars like Nagarjuna went from Nalanda to Tibet to Template:Wiki Buddhism in the eighth century.
He has noted that millions of people lost their lives in violence and the economies of many countries were ruined due to conflicts in the 20th century. "Let the 21st century be a century of tolerance and Template:Wiki."
In 1993, the Dalai Lama attended the World Conference on Human Rights and made a Template:Wiki titled "Human Rights and Universal Template:Wiki".
In 2001, he answered the question of a girl in a Template:Wiki school by saying that it is permissible to shoot someone with a gun in self-defense if that person was "trying to kill you," and he emphasized that the shot should not be fatal.
Diet and animal Template:Wiki[edit | edit source]
“People think of animals as if they were vegetables, and that is not right. We have to change the way people think about animals.
I encourage the Tibetan people and all people to move toward a vegetarian diet that doesn’t cause suffering.”
The Dalai Lama advocates compassion for animals and frequently urges people to try vegetarianism or at least reduce their consumption of meat.
In Tibet, where historically meat was the most common food, most monks historically have been omnivores, including the Dalai Lamas.
The Fourteenth Dalai Lama was raised in a meat-eating family but converted to vegetarianism after arriving in India, where vegetables are much more easily available. He spent many years as a vegetarian, but after contracting Hepatitis in India and suffering from weakness, his doctors ordered him to eat meat on alternating days, which he did for several years.
He tried switching back to a vegetarian diet, but once again returned to limited consumption of meat.
This attracted public attention when, during a visit to the White House, he was offered a vegetarian menu but declined by replying, as he is known to do on occasion when dining in the company of non-vegetarians, "I'm a Tibetan monk, not a vegetarian". His own home kitchen, however, is completely vegetarian.
Template:Wiki[edit | edit source]
The Dalai Lama has referred to himself as a Marxist and has articulated Template:Wiki of capitalism. He reports hearing of Template:Wiki when he was very young, but only in the context of the destruction of Communist Mongolia. It was only when he went on his trip to Template:Wiki that he studied Marxist Template:Wiki.
At that time, he reports, "I was so attracted to Marxism, I even expressed my wish to become a Communist Party member", citing his favorite concepts of self-sufficiency and Template:Wiki distribution of wealth.
He does not believe that China implemented "true Marxist policy", and thinks the historical communist states such as the Template:Wiki "were far more concerned with their narrow national interests than with the Workers' International".
Of capitalism, he said that in China, "millions of people's living standards improved", but that it "is only how to make profits", whereas Marxism has "moral ethics".
"Of all the Template:Wiki economic theories, the economic system of Marxism is founded on moral principles, while capitalism is concerned only with gain and profitability. Marxism is concerned with the distribution of wealth on an Template:Wiki basis and the equitable utilisation of the means of production.
It is also concerned with the fate of the working classes—that is, the majority—as well as with the fate of those who are underprivileged and in need, and Marxism cares about the Template:Wiki of minority-imposed exploitation. For those reasons the system appeals to me, and it seems fair."
Environment[edit | edit source]
The Dalai Lama is outspoken in his concerns abou
t Template:Wiki problems, frequently giving public talks on themes related to the Template:Wiki. He has pointed out that many rivers in Template:Wiki originate in Tibet, and that the melting of Himalayan Template:Wiki could affect the countries in which the rivers flow. He acknowledged official Template:Wiki laws against deforestation in Tibet, but is cynical because of possible official corruption.
He was quoted as saying "Template:Wiki should be part of our daily life"; personally, he takes showers instead of baths, and turns lights off when he leaves a room.
Around 2005, he has started campaigning for wildlife conservation, including by issuing a religious ruling against wearing tiger and leopard skins as garments.
The Dalai Lama supports the anti-whaling position in the whaling controversy, but has criticized the activities of groups such as the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (which carries out acts of what it calls aggressive non-violence against property).
Before the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, he urged national leaders to put aside domestic concerns and take collective action against climate change.
Template:Wiki[edit | edit source]
A monk since childhood, the Dalai Lama has said that Template:Wiki offers fleeting satisfaction and leads to trouble later, while chastity offers a better life and "more Template:Wiki, more freedom". He has observed that problems arising from conjugal life sometimes even lead to Template:Wiki or murder. He has asserted that all religions have the same view about adultery.
In his discussions of the traditional Buddhist view on appropriate sexual behavior, he explains the Template:Wiki of "right Template:Wiki in the right object at the right time," which historically has been interpreted as indicating that oral, manual and anal Template:Wiki (both homosexual and heterosexual) are not appropriate in Buddhism or for Buddhists, yet he also says that in Template:Wiki times all common, consensual Template:Wiki practices that do not cause harm to others are ethically acceptable and that society should not discriminate against gays and lesbians and should accept and respect them from a Template:Wiki point of view.
In a 1994 interview with OUT Magazine, the Dalai Lama clarified his personal opinion on the Template:Wiki by saying, "If someone comes to me and asks whether homosexuality is okay or not, I will ask 'What is your companion's opinion?'.
If you both agree, then I think I would say, 'If two Template:Wiki or two females voluntarily agree to have mutual satisfaction without further implication of harming others, then it is okay.'"
In his 1996 book Beyond Template:Wiki, he described a traditional Buddhist definition of an appropriate Template:Wiki act as follows: "A Template:Wiki act is deemed proper when the couples use the Template:Wiki intended for Template:Wiki intercourse and nothing else...
Homosexuality, whether it is between men or between women, is not improper in itself.
What is improper is the use of Template:Wiki already defined as inappropriate for Template:Wiki contact."
He elaborated in 1997, explaining that the basis of that teaching was unknown to him and acknowledging that "some of the teachings may be specific to a particular Template:Wiki and historic context," while clarifying the historical Buddhist position (in contrast with his personal opinion) by saying, "Buddhist Template:Wiki proscriptions ban homosexual activity and heterosexual Template:Wiki through orifices other than the vagina, including masturbation or other Template:Wiki activity with the hand...
From a Buddhist point of view, lesbian and Template:Wiki Template:Wiki is generally considered sexual misconduct". Nonetheless, he reiterated, Buddhism calls for respect, compassion, and Template:Wiki treatment for all, including homosexuals.
Women's rights[edit | edit source]
On gender equality and sexism, the Dalai Lama proclaimed at the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis, Tennessee in 2009: "I call myself a feminist. Isn't that what you call someone who fights for women's rights?"
Controversies[edit | edit source]
Dorje Shugden[edit | edit source]
See also: Dorje Shugden controversy
During a teaching tour of the UK in May 2008, members of the Western Shugden Society came out to demonstrate against the banning of a prayer to Dorje Shugden, which they call religious persecution. Similar protests occurred in Template:Wiki when the Dalai Lama arrived in Australia in June 2008.
The Dalai Lama says he had not banned the practice, but strongly discourages it as he feels it promotes a spirit as being more important than Buddha, and that it may encourage cult-like practices and Template:Wiki within Tibetan Buddhism.
The Shugden worshipers in India protest that they are denied admission to hospitals, stores, and other Template:Wiki services provided by the local Tibetan Template:Wiki.
Template:Wiki of the 17th Karmapa[edit | edit source]
See also: Karmapa controversy
Another controversy associated with the Dalai Lama is the Template:Wiki of the seventeenth Karmapa.
Two factions of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism have chosen two different Karmapas, leading to a deep division within the Kagyu school.
The Dalai Lama has given his support to Urgyen Trinley Dorje, while supporters of Trinley Thaye Dorje claim that the Dalai Lama has no authority in the Template:Wiki, nor is there a historical precedent for a Dalai Lama involving himself in an internal Kagyu dispute.
In his 2001 address at the International Karma Kagyu Conference, Kunzig Shamar Rinpoche—one of the four Karma Kagyu regents—accused the Dalai Lama of adopting a "divide and conquer" policy to eliminate any potential Template:Wiki rivalry arising from within the Kagyu school.[84]
For his side, the Dalai Lama accepted the Template:Wiki letter presented by Tai Situ Rinpoche (another Karma Kagyu Template:Wiki) as authentic, and therefore Tai Situ Rinpoche's Template:Wiki of Urgyen Trinley Dorje, also as correct. Tibet observer Julian Gearing suggests that there might be Template:Wiki motives to the Dalai Lama's decision:
"The Dalai Lama gave his blessing to the Template:Wiki of (Urgyen) Trinley, eager to win over the formerly troublesome sect [the Kagyu school], and with the Template:Wiki that the new Karmapa could play a role in a Template:Wiki Template:Wiki of the 'Tibet Question.' ...
If the allegations are to be believed, a simple Template:Wiki boy was turned into a Template:Wiki and religious pawn."[86] However, according to Tsurphu Labrang, articles by Julian Gearing on this subject are biased, unverified and without crosschecking of basic facts.
CIA backing[edit | edit source]
In October 1998, the Dalai Lama's administration acknowledged that it received $1.7 million a year in the 1960s from the U.S. government through the Template:Wiki (CIA), and also trained a resistance Template:Wiki in Template:Wiki.
When asked by CIA officer John Kenneth Knaus in 1995 whether the organisation did a good or bad thing in providing its support, the Dalai Lama replied that though it helped the Template:Wiki of those resisting the Template:Wiki, "thousands of lives were lost in the resistance" and further, that "the U.S.
Government had involved itself in his country's affairs not to help Tibet but only as a Template:Wiki Template:Wiki to challenge the Template:Wiki."
Ties to India[edit | edit source]
The Template:Wiki press has criticized the Dalai Lama for his close ties with India. His 2010 remarks at the International Buddhist Conference in Template:Wiki saying that he was "Tibetan in appearance, but an Indian in spirituality" and referral to himself as a "son of India" in particular led the People's Daily to opine, "Since the Dalai Lama deems himself an Indian rather than Template:Wiki, then why is he entitled to represent the Template:Wiki of the Tibetan people?" Dhundup Gyalpo of the Tibet Template:Wiki shot back that Tibetan religion could be traced back to Nalanda in India, and that Tibetans have no connection to Template:Wiki "apart... from a handful of culinary dishes".
The People's Daily stressed the links between Chinese Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism and accused the Dalai Lama of "betraying southern Tibet to India".
Two years earlier in 2008, the Dalai Lama said for the first time that the territory, which India claims as part of Arunachal Pradesh, is part of India, citing the disputed 1914 Template:Wiki Accord.
Public image[edit | edit source]
The Dalai Lama's appeal is variously ascribed to his Template:Wiki personality, international fascination with Buddhism, his universalist values, international sympathy for the Tibetans, and western sinophobia.
In the 1990s, many films were released by the American film industry about Tibet, including biopics of the Dalai Lama.
This is attributed to both the Dalai Lama's 1989 Nobel Peace Prize as well as to the Template:Wiki following the Fall of Template:Wiki.
The most notable films, Kundun and Template:Wiki (both released in 1997), portrayed "an idyllic pre-1950 Tibet, with a smiling, soft-spoken Dalai Lama at the helm – a Dalai Lama sworn to non-violence": portrayals the Chinese government decried as ahistorical.
One South African official publicly criticised the Dalai Lama's Template:Wiki and lamented a Template:Wiki on criticism of him, saying "To say anything against the Dalai Lama is, in some quarters, Template:Wiki to trying to shoot Bambi".
Critics of the news and Template:Wiki media coverage of the controversy charge that feudal Tibet was not as Template:Wiki as popularly portrayed.
The penal code before 1913 included forms of judicial mutilation and capital punishment to enforce a Template:Wiki system controversially described as both slavery and serfdom.
In response, the Dalai Lama agreed many of old Tibet's practices needed reform.
His predecessor had banned extreme punishments and the death penalty. And he had started some reforms like removal of debt inheritance during the early years of his government under the People's Republic of China in 1951.
The Dalai Lama has his own page on Facebook.
International Template:Wiki[edit | edit source]
The Dalai Lama has been successful in gaining Western sympathy for himself and the cause of greater Tibetan autonomy or Template:Wiki, including Template:Wiki support from numerous Template:Wiki celebrities, most notably the actors Template:Wiki and Steven Seagal, as well as lawmakers from several major countries.
Awards and honors[edit | edit source]
The Dalai Lama has received numerous awards over his spiritual and Template:Wiki career.
In 1959, he received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Template:Wiki Leadership. On 22 June 2006, he became one of only five people ever to be recognised with Template:Wiki Citizenship by the Governor General of Canada.
On 28 May 2005, he received the Template:Wiki Award from the Buddhist Society in the Template:Wiki.
After the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the Norwegian Template:Wiki Committee awarded the Dalai Lama the 1989 Nobel Peace Prize.
The Committee officially gave the prize to the Dalai Lama for "the struggle of the liberation of Tibet and the efforts for a peaceful resolution" and "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi" although the President of the Committee also said that the prize was intended to put pressure on China, who was reportedly infuriated that the award was given to a separatist. In 2012, the Dalai Lama was awarded the Templeton Prize.
He later donated the entire prize money to an Indian charity, Save the Children.
Retirement[edit | edit source]
In May 2007, Chhime Rigzing, a senior spokesman for his office, stated that the Dalai Lama was moving into "retirement", but in 2008 the Dalai Lama himself ruled out such a move, saying "There is no... question of retirement." Rigzing stated "The Template:Wiki leadership will be transferred over a period of time but he will inevitably continue to be the spiritual leader". The Dalai Lama announced he would like the Tibetan Parliament in Exile to have more Template:Wiki over the Template:Wiki.
In response to the Template:Wiki, on 18 March 2008 the Dalai Lama threatened to step down, which would be a first for a Dalai Lama. Aides later clarified that this threat was predicated on a further escalation of violence, and that he did not presently have the intention of leaving his Template:Wiki or spiritual offices.
In the ensuing months, he held meetings aimed at discussing the Template:Wiki institution of the Dalai Lama, including " conclave, like in the Template:Wiki, a woman as my successor, no Dalai Lama anymore, or perhaps even two", referring to the possibility of having both his approved successor and China's approved successor both claiming the title.
He has clarified that his goal is to relinquish all Template:Wiki power and to no longer play a "pronounced spiritual role" and have a simpler monastic life.
In a Template:Wiki given on 10 March 2011, the 14th Dalai Lama stated that he will propose changes to the constitution of the Tibetan government in exile which will remove the Dalai Lama's role as head of state, replacing him with an elected leader.
If accepted by the Tibetan parliament in exile, this will constitute the Dalai Lama's retirement from his formal Template:Wiki role, although he will retain his position as a religious dignitary.
He formally submitted his resignation as Template:Wiki leader to the Tibetan Parliament-in-exile in Dharamshala, India, on 14 March 2011.
On May 29, 2011, "His Holiness the Dalai Lama ... ratified the amendment to the charter of Tibetans delegating his administrative and Template:Wiki authorities to the democratically elected leaders of the Template:Wiki."
Succession and reincarnation[edit | edit source]
On 24 September 2011, the Dalai Lama issued the following statement concerning his reincarnation:
When I am about ninety I will consult the high Lamas of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions, the Tibetan public, and other concerned people who follow Tibetan Buddhism, and re-evaluate whether the institution of the Dalai Lama should continue or not.
On that basis we will take a decision. If it is decided that the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama should continue and there is a need for the Fifteenth Dalai Lama to be recognized, Template:Wiki for doing so will primarily rest on the concerned officers of the Dalai Lama’s Gaden Phodrang Trust.
They should consult the various heads of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions and the reliable oath-bound Dharma Protectors who are linked inseparably to the lineage of the Dalai Lamas. They should seek advice and direction from these concerned beings and carry out the procedures of search and Template:Wiki in accordance with Template:Wiki tradition.
I shall leave clear written instructions about this. Bear in mind that, apart from the reincarnation recognized through such legitimate methods, no Template:Wiki or acceptance should be given to a candidate chosen for Template:Wiki ends by anyone, including those in the People’s Republic of China.
On 3 October 2011, the Dalai Lama repeated his statement in an interview with Canadian Television.
He added that Template:Wiki laws banning the selection of successors based on reincarnation will not impact his decisions. "Naturally my next life is entirely up to me.
No one else. And also this is not a Template:Wiki Template:Wiki," he said in the interview.
The Dalai Lama also added that he was not decided on whether he would reincarnate or if he would be the last Dalai Lama.
In Popular culture[edit | edit source]
- In the Avatar: The Last Airbender, the name Gyatso was used for Avatar Aang's guardian and Template:Wiki Monk Gyatso while in the sequel Avatar:
The Legend of Korra, the name Tenzin was used for Avatar Korra's (Aang's next life) Airbending Master and Aang's son, Tenzin.
Publications[edit | edit source]
- Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama, Template:Wiki: Little, Brown and Co., 1990,
- The World of Tibetan Buddhism, translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, foreword by Template:Wiki, Wisdom Publications, 1995
- The Gelug/Kagyü Tradition of Mahamudra, co-authored with Alexander Berzin. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 1997
- The Art of Happiness, co-authored with Howard C. Cutler, M.D., Template:Wiki, 1998
- Template:Wiki, Template:Wiki, 1999
- Ancient Wisdom, Template:Wiki World: Template:Wiki, LIttle, Brown/Abacus Press, 2000
- Dzogchen: Heart Essence of the Great Perfection, translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa and Richard Barron, Snow Lion Publications, 2000
- The Meaning of Life: Buddhist Perspectives on Cause and Effect, Translated by Jeffrey Hopkins, Wisdom Publications, 2000
- The Compassionate Life, Wisdom Publications, 2001
- Violence and Compassion: Dialogues on Life Today, with Jean-Claude Carriere, Doubleday, 2001
- Essence of the Heart Sutra: The Dalai Lama's Heart of Wisdom Teachings, edited by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, 2002
- Der Weg des Herzens. Gewaltlosigkeit und Dialog zwischen den Religionen (The Path of the Heart: Non-violence and the Dialogue among Religions), co-authored with Eugen Drewermann, PhD, Patmos Verlag, 2003
- The Wisdom of Forgiveness: Intimate Conversations and Journeys, coauthored with Victor Chan, Riverbed Books, 2004,
- The New Physics and Cosmology: Dialogues with the Dalai Lama, edited by Arthur Zajonc, with contributions by David Finkelstein, George Greenstein, Piet Hut, Tu Wei-ming, Anton Zeilinger, B. Alan Wallace and Thupten Jinpa, Oxford University Press, 2004,
- The Universe in a Single Template:Wiki: The Convergence of Science and Spirituality, Morgan Road Books, 2005,
- How to Expand Love: Widening the Circle of Loving Relationships, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Template:Wiki, 2005,
- Living Wisdom with His Holiness the Dalai Lama, with Don Farber, Template:Wiki True, 2006,
- Mind in Comfort and Ease: The Vision of Enlightenment in the Great Perfection , with Patrick Gaffney, Matthieu Ricard and Richard Barron, Wisdom Publications, 2007,
- The Leader's Way, co-authored with Laurens van den Muyzenberg, Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2008,
- How to Practice: The Way to a Meaningful Life, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins,
- Kalachakra Tantra: Rite of Initiation, edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Wisdom Publications,
- The Good Heart: A Buddhist Template:Wiki on the Teachings of Template:Wiki, translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications,
- Opening the Eye of New Awareness, Translated by Donald S. Lopez, Jr., Wisdom Publications,
- Imagine All the People: A Conversation with the Dalai Lama on Money, Politics, and Life as it Could Be, Coauthored with Fabien Ouaki, Wisdom Publications,
- An Open Heart, edited by Nicholas Vreeland; Little, Brown;
- Practicing Wisdom: The Perfection of Shantideva's Bodhisattva Way, translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications,
- Tibetan Portrait: The Power of Compassion, photographs by Phil Borges with sayings by Tenzin Gyatso.
- The Heart of Compassion: A Practical Approach to a Meaningful Life, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin: Lotus Press
- My Tibet, co-authored with photographer Galen Rowell
- Sleeping, Dreaming, and Dying, edited by Francisco Varela, Wisdom Publications
- How to See Yourself As You Really Are, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins,
- MindScience: An East-West Dialogue, with contributions by Template:Wiki, Daniel Goleman, Robert Thurman, and Howard Gardner, Wisdom Publications,
- The Power of Buddhism, co-authored with Jean-Claude Carriere