View source for Dalai Lama (incarnation lineage)

{{For|the current Dalai Lama|14th Dalai Lama}}
{{Infobox official post
| post               = Dalai Lama
| native_name        = {{lang-bo|ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ་}}<br />[[Wylie transliteration]]: tā la'i bla ma<br />{{IPA-bo|táːlɛː láma}}
| coatofarms         = <!-- Optional. Just the image name, no File: or Image: coding. -->
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| coatofarms_link    = <!-- Optional. If {{{coatofarms}}} field is used. -->
| incumbent          = [[14th Dalai Lama]]
| incumbentsince     = 22 February 1940
| image              = File:Dalailama1 20121014 4639.jpg
| caption            = [[14th Dalai Lama|The 14th Dalai Lama]]
| first              = [[1st Dalai Lama|Gendun Drup, 1st Dalai Lama]]
| formation          = 1391
| residence          = 
| appointer          = <!-- Optional. -->
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}}
'''Dalai Lama''' is a title given to members of a prominent incarnation lineage with a particularly close connection with [[Je Tsong Kahpa]] and the [[Gelug]] school of Tibetan Buddhism<ref>Schaik, Sam van. ''Tibet: A History''. Yale University Press 2011, page 129, "Gelug: the newest of the schools of Tibetan Buddhism"</ref>.  The successive Dalai Lama incarnations were the temporal leaders of the Tibetan state from 1642, during the time of the [[5th Dalai Lama]], until 1959, when the [[14th Dalai Lama]] fled Tibet to escape the Chinese Communist occupation.{{Princeton inline|Dalai Lama}}

The current Dalai Lama, [[14th Dalai Lama|The 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso]] was the leader of the Central Tibetan Administration (the government for the Tibetans in exile) from 1960 until 2011, at which time he retired from his leadership role.

The title of "Dalai Lama" is taken from the name given by [[Altan Khan]], the leader of the Tumed Mongols, to the [[3rd Dalai Lama]]. "Dalai" is the Mongolian word for "ocean" or "big"<ref>Laird 2006, p. 143.</ref>  (coming from Mongolian title ''Dalaiyin qan or Dalaiin khan'',{{sfn|Schwieger|2014|p=33}} translated as 'Gyatso' in Tibetan). And "Lama" is the Tibetan for for a "guru" or "teacher" from the [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] word {{Bo-textonly|བླ་མ་}} (''bla-ma'') meaning "master, guru".<ref name="陈庆英2005_p16">{{cite book|author=陈庆英|title=达赖喇嘛转世及历史定制英|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haMIsdC3iZwC&pg=PA16|year=2005|publisher=五洲传播出版社|isbn=978-7-5085-0745-3|pages=16–}}</ref>

The Dalai Lama is also considered to be the successor in a line of [[tulku]]s who are believed<ref name="ddef" /> to be incarnations of [[Avalokiteśvara]],<ref name="ddef1" /> a [[Bodhisattva]] of Compassion.<ref name=NW>{{cite web |author1=Peter Popham|title=Relentless: The Dalai Lama's Heart of Steel|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/06/relentless-dalai-lama-heart-steel-302768.html|publisher=Newsweek magazine|date=29 January 2015|quote=His mystical legitimacy – of huge importance to the faithful – stems from the belief that the Dalai Lamas are manifestations of Avalokiteshvara, the Bodhisattva of Compassion}}</ref><ref>Laird 2006, p. 12.</ref><ref name="ddef1">{{cite web |title = Definition of Dalai Lama in English |url = http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Dalai-Lama |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries |accessdate = 2 May 2015 |quote = The spiritual head of Tibetan Buddhism and, until the establishment of Chinese communist rule, the spiritual and temporal ruler of Tibet. Each Dalai Lama is believed to be the reincarnation of the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara, reappearing in a child when the incumbent Dalai Lama dies}}</ref><ref name="ddef">{{cite web |url = http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dalai%20lama |title = Dalai lama |publisher=Dictionary.com |accessdate=2014-03-12 |quote = (formerly) the ruler and chief monk of Tibet, believed to be a reincarnation of Avalokitesvara and sought for among newborn children after the death of the preceding Dalai Lama}}</ref> 

The Dalai Lama figure is important for many reasons. Since the time of the [[5th Dalai Lama]] in the 17th century, his personage has always been a symbol of unification of the state of [[Tibet]], where he has represented Buddhist values and traditions.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Religions in the Modern World |last=Woodhead |first=Linda |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2016 |ISBN = 978-0-415-85881-6 |location=2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN |page = 94 |quote= |via=}}</ref> The Dalai Lama was an important figure of the Geluk tradition, which was politically and numerically dominant in Central Tibet, but his religious authority went beyond sectarian boundaries. While he had no formal or institutional role in any of the religious traditions, which were headed by their own high lamas, he was a unifying symbol of the Tibetan state, representing Buddhist values and traditions above any specific school.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations (Kindle Locations 2519–2522). Taylor and Francis. Kindle Edition|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> The traditional function of the Dalai Lama as an ecumenical figure, holding together disparate religious and regional groups, has been taken up by the present fourteenth Dalai Lama. He has worked to overcome sectarian and other divisions in the exiled community and has become a symbol of Tibetan nationhood for Tibetans both in Tibet and in exile.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cantwell and Kawanami|title=Religions in the Modern World|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-85880-9|pages=94}}</ref>

From 1642 until 1705, and from 1750 to the 1950s, the Dalai Lamas or their [[regent]]s headed the Tibetan government (or [[Ganden Phodrang]]) in [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa]] which governed all or most of the [[Tibetan Plateau]] with varying degrees of autonomy<ref name="smith107149">Smith 1997, pp. 107–149.</ref> under the [[Tibet under Qing rule|Qing Dynasty of China]], up to complete sovereignty.<ref name="bell273">Bell 1946, p. 273.</ref> This Tibetan government also enjoyed the [[priest and patron|patronage and protection]] of firstly Mongol kings of the [[Khoshut Khanate|Khoshut]] and [[Dzungar Khanate]]s (1642–1720) and then of the emperors of the [[Manchu people|Manchu]]-led [[Qing dynasty]] (1720–1912).<ref name="smith107149" /> Tibet's sovereignty was later rejected, however, by both [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|the Republic of China]] and the current [[China|People's Republic of China]].<ref name="Kavalski2016">{{cite book|author=Emilian Kavalski|title=The Ashgate Research Companion to Chinese Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ynTeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT445|date=1 April 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-04389-8|pages=445–}}</ref>
==Brief history ==
{{Tibetan Buddhism}}
===Connection with Avalokitesvara===
In the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, it is believed that [[Avalokiteśvara]], the [[bodhisattva]] of compassion, has a special relationship with the people of Tibet and as such the bodhisattva has incarnated as benevolent rulers and teachers during the course of Tibetan history. The Dalai Lama incarnation lineage holders are believed to be incarnations of Avalokiteshvara. 

''The Book of Kadam'', an important text within the Gelug tradition, is said to have laid the foundation for the Tibetans' later identification of the Dalai Lamas as incarnations of Avalokiteśvara.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Thubten Jinpa|title=The Book of Kadam|publisher=Wisdom Publications|isbn=978-0-86171-441-4|url=http://www.wisdompubs.org/book/book-kadam/introduction|chapter=Introduction|quote=Perhaps the most important legacy of the book, at least for the Tibetan people as a whole, is that it laid the foundation for the later identification of Avalokiteśvara with the lineage of the Dalai Lama}}</ref>

=== Establishment of the lineage ===
The title and special role of "Dalai Lama" began when [[3rd Dalai Lama|the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyaltso]] served as the spiritual teacher for the Mongol ruler [[Altan Khan]]. Altan Khan, who is credited with converting the Tumed Mongols to Buddhism, bestowed the title of "Dalai Lama" on Sonam Gyatso. The title was assigned retroactively to Sonam Gyaltso's two previous incarnations, who are now counted as the first and second Dalai Lamas.{{Princeton inline|Dalai Lama}}

The [[5th Dalai Lama]] was the first to combine spiritual and temporal duties. With the support of the Mongol ruler Gushi Khan, the 5th Dalai Lama became the temporal leader of the Tibetan state in 1642. This role was held by all succeeding Dalai Lama's until 1959, when the 14th Dalai Lama was forced into exile.{{Princeton inline|Dalai Lama}}

== List of Dalai Lamas ==
{{Main|List of Dalai Lamas}}

There have been 14 recognised incarnations of the Dalai Lama:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Name !! Picture !! Life-span !! Recog-nition !! Enthrone-ment !! [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]]/ [[Wylie transliteration|Wylie]] !! [[Tibetan pinyin|Tib. pinyin]]/ [[Chinese language|Chinese]] !! Alternative spellings
|-
|align="right"| 1 || [[1st Dalai Lama|Gendun Drup]] || [[File:1stDalaiLama.jpg|60px]] || 1391–1474 || – || N/A<ref name="posthumous">The title "Dalai Lama" was conferred posthumously to the 1st and 2nd Dalai Lamas.</ref> || {{Bo-textonly|དགེ་འདུན་འགྲུབ་}}<br />''dge 'dun 'grub'' || Gêdün Chub<br />根敦朱巴|| Gedun Drub<br />Gedün Drup<br />
|-
|align="right"| 2 || [[2nd Dalai Lama|Gendun Gyatso]] |||| 1475–1542 || 1483 || 1487 || {{Bo-textonly|དགེ་འདུན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་}}<br />''dge 'dun rgya mtsho'' || Gêdün Gyaco<br />根敦嘉措|| Gedün Gyatso<br />Gendün Gyatso
|-
|align="right"| 3 || [[3rd Dalai Lama|Sonam Gyatso]] || [[File:3rdDalaiLama2.jpg|60px]] || 1543–1588 || 1546 || 1578 || {{Bo-textonly|བསོད་ནམས་རྒྱ་མཚོ་}}<br />''bsod nams rgya mtsho'' || Soinam Gyaco<br />索南嘉措|| Sönam Gyatso
|-
|align="right"| 4 || [[4th Dalai Lama|Yonten Gyatso]] || [[File:4DalaiLama.jpg|60px]] || 1589–1617 || 1601 || 1603 || {{Bo-textonly|ཡོན་ཏན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་}}<br />''yon tan rgya mtsho'' || Yoindain Gyaco<br />雲丹嘉措|| Yontan Gyatso, Yönden Gyatso
|-
|align="right"| 5 || [[5th Dalai Lama|Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso]] || [[File:NgawangLozangGyatso.jpg|60px]] || 1617–1682 || 1618 || 1622 || {{Bo-textonly|བློ་བཟང་རྒྱ་མཚོ་}}<br />''blo bzang rgya mtsho'' || Lobsang Gyaco<br />羅桑嘉措|| Lobzang Gyatso<br />Lopsang Gyatso
|-
|align="right"| 6 || [[6th Dalai Lama|Tsangyang Gyatso]] || [[File:6DalaiLama.jpg|60px]] || 1683–1706 || 1688 || 1697 || {{Bo-textonly|ཚངས་དབྱངས་རྒྱ་མཚོ་}}<br />''tshang dbyangs rgya mtsho'' || Cangyang Gyaco<br />倉央嘉措|| Tsañyang Gyatso<br />
|-
|align="right"| 7 || [[7th Dalai Lama|Kelzang Gyatso]] || [[File:7DalaiLama.jpg|60px]] || 1707–1757 || 1712 || 1720 || {{Bo-textonly|བསྐལ་བཟང་རྒྱ་མཚོ་}}<br />''bskal bzang rgya mtsho'' || Gaisang Gyaco<br />格桑嘉措|| Kelsang Gyatso<br />Kalsang Gyatso
|-
|align="right"| 8 || [[8th Dalai Lama|Jamphel Gyatso]] || [[File:8thDalaiLama.jpg|60px]] || 1758–1804 || 1760 || 1762 || {{Bo-textonly|བྱམས་སྤེལ་རྒྱ་མཚོ་}}<br />''byams spel rgya mtsho'' || Qambê Gyaco<br />強白嘉措|| Jampel Gyatso<br />Jampal Gyatso
|-
|align="right"| 9 || [[9th Dalai Lama|Lungtok Gyatso]] || [[File:9thDalaiLama.jpg|60px]] || 1805–1815 ||1807 || 1808 || {{Bo-textonly|ལུང་རྟོགས་རྒྱ་མཚོ་}}<br />''lung rtogs rgya mtsho'' || Lungdog Gyaco<br />隆朵嘉措|| Lungtog Gyatso
|-
| 10 || [[10th Dalai Lama|Tsultrim Gyatso]] || [[File:10thDalaiLama.jpg|60px]] || 1816–1837 || 1822 || 1822 || {{Bo-textonly|ཚུལ་ཁྲིམས་རྒྱ་མཚོ་}}<br />''tshul khrim rgya mtsho'' || Cüchim Gyaco<br />楚臣嘉措|| Tshültrim Gyatso
|-
| 11 || [[11th Dalai Lama|Khendrup Gyatso]] |||| 1838–1856 || 1841 || 1842 || {{Bo-textonly|མཁས་གྲུབ་རྒྱ་མཚོ་}}<br />''mkhas grub rgya mtsho'' || Kaichub Gyaco<br />凱珠嘉措|| Kedrub Gyatso
|-
| 12 || [[12th Dalai Lama|Trinley Gyatso]] || [[File:12thDalai Lama.jpg|60px]] || 1857–1875 || 1858 || 1860 || {{Bo-textonly|འཕྲིན་ལས་རྒྱ་མཚོ་}}<br />'''phrin las rgya mtsho'' || Chinlai Gyaco<br />成烈嘉措|| Trinle Gyatso
|-
| 13 || [[13th Dalai Lama|Thubten Gyatso]] || [[File:13th Dalai Lama Thubten Gyatso.jpg|60px]] || 1876–1933 || 1878 || 1879 || {{Bo-textonly|ཐུབ་བསྟན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་}}<br />''thub bstan rgya mtsho'' || Tubdain Gyaco<br />土登嘉措|| Thubtan Gyatso<br />Thupten Gyatso
|-
| 14 || [[14th Dalai Lama|Tenzin Gyatso]] || [[File:Dalai Lama at WhiteHouse (cropped).jpg|60px]] || born 1935 || 1939<ref name=ohhdl>{{cite web|title=Chronology of Events|url=http://www.dalailama.com/biography/chronology-of-events|website=His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet|publisher=Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama|accessdate=18 April 2015}}</ref> || 1940|| {{Bo-textonly|བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་}}<br />''bstan 'dzin rgya mtsho'' || Dainzin Gyaco<br />丹增嘉措|| Tenzin Gyatso
|}
There has also been one non-recognised Dalai Lama, [[Yeshe Gyatso|Ngawang Yeshe Gyatso]], declared 28 June 1707, when he was 25 years old, by [[Lha-bzang Khan]] as the "true" 6th Dalai Lama – however, he was never accepted as such by the majority of the population.<ref name="Stein 1972, p. 85" /><ref>[[F. Spencer Chapman|Chapman, F. Spencer]]. (1940). ''Lhasa: The Holy City'', p. 127. Readers Union Ltd. London.</ref><ref name="Mullin276">Mullin 2001, p. 276</ref>

== Residences ==
The 1st Dalai Lama was based at [[Tashi Lhunpo Monastery]], which he founded, the Second to the Fifth Dalai Lamas were mainly based at Drepung Monastery outside Lhasa. In 1645, after the unification of Tibet, the Fifth moved to the ruins of a royal fortress or residence on top of ''Marpori'' ('Red Mountain') in Lhasa and decided to build a palace on the same site. This ruined palace, called Tritse Marpo, was originally built around 636 AD by the founder of the [[Tibetan Empire]], [[Songtsen Gampo]] for his Nepalese wife.<ref>Shakabpa 1984, pp. 112-113.</ref> Amongst the ruins there was just a small temple left where [[Tsongkhapa]] had given a teaching when he arrived in Lhasa in the 1380s. 

The Fifth Dalai Lama began construction of the [[Potala Palace]] on this site in 1645,<ref>Laird 2006, p. 177.</ref> carefully incorporating what was left of his predecessor's palace into its structure.<ref name=mull201>Mullin 2001, p. 201.</ref> From then on and until today, unless on tour or in exile the Dalai Lamas have always spent their winters at the Potala Palace and their summers at the [[Norbulingka]] palace and park. Both palaces are in Lhasa and approximately 3&nbsp;km apart.

Following the failed 1959 Tibetan uprising, the 14th Dalai Lama sought refuge in India. The then Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, allowed in the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan government officials to reside in India. 

The Dalai Lama has since lived in exile in [[McLeod Ganj]], in the Kangra district of [[Himachal Pradesh]] in northern India, where the [[Central Tibetan Administration]] is also established. His Holiness's residence on the Temple Road in McLeod Ganj is called the Dalai Lama Temple and is visited by people from across the globe. Tibetan refugees have constructed and opened many schools and Buddhist temples in Dharamshala.<ref>[http://www.brooklynrail.org/2008/04/express/dispatches-from-the-tibetan-front-dharamsala-india "Dispatches from the Tibetan Front: Dharamshala, India,"] Litia Perta, ''The Brooklyn Rail'', April 4, 2008</ref>

<gallery class="center" heights="220px" widths="220px">
File:Potala.jpg|[[Potala Palace]]
File:Norbulinka. August, 1993.JPG|[[Norbulingka]]
</gallery>

== Future of the position ==
[[File:Dalai lama teaching room.jpg|thumb|The main teaching room of the Dalai Lama in [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]], India]]
[[File:DalaiLama0054 tiny.jpg|thumb|14th Dalai Lama]]
The 14th Dalai Lama said as early as 1969 that it was for the Tibetans to decide whether the institution of the Dalai Lama "should continue or not".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.tibet.com/DL/next-reincarnation.html |publisher=Government of Tibet in Exile |title=Dalai's reincarnation will not be found under Chinese control |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712112849/http://www.tibet.com/DL/next-reincarnation.html |archivedate=July 12, 2009 }}</ref> He has given reference to a possible vote occurring in the future for all Tibetan Buddhists to decide whether they wish to recognize his rebirth.<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22838048-25837,00.html Dalai Lama may forgo death before reincarnation], Jeremy Page, ''[[The Australian]]'', November 29, 2007.</ref> In response to the possibility that the PRC might attempt to choose his successor, the Dalai Lama said he would not be reborn in a country controlled by the People's Republic of China or any other country which is not free.<ref name="sdpcnw">{{cite web|title=The Dalai Lama|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/people/dalailama_1.shtml|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2008-05-17|date=2006-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tibet.com/DL/next-reincarnation.html |publisher=Government of Tibet in Exile ex Indian Express July 6, 1999 |title=Dalai's reincarnation will not be found under Chinese control |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712112849/http://www.tibet.com/DL/next-reincarnation.html |archivedate=July 12, 2009 }}</ref> According to [[Robert D. Kaplan]], this could mean that "the next Dalai Lama might come from the Tibetan cultural belt that stretches across northern [[India]], [[Nepal]], and [[Bhutan]], presumably making him even more pro-Indian and anti-Chinese".<ref>[http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66205/robert-d-kaplan/the-geography-of-chinese-power Kaplan Robert, Foreign Affairs, "The Geography of Chinese Power"]</ref>

The 14th Dalai Lama supported the possibility that his next incarnation could be a woman.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Haas|first1=Michaela|title=Why is there no female Dalai Lama?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/why-is-there-no-female-dalai-lama/2013/03/18/75ac132c-8fee-11e2-9cfd-36d6c9b5d7ad_story.html|accessdate=7 February 2017|date=Mar 18, 2013}}</ref> As an "engaged Buddhist" the Dalai Lama has an appeal straddling cultures and political systems making him one of the most recognized and respected moral voices today.<ref>Puri, Bharati (2006) "Engaged Buddhism – The Dalai Lama's Worldview" New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006</ref> "Despite the complex historical, religious and political factors surrounding the selection of incarnate masters in the exiled Tibetan tradition, the Dalai Lama is open to change," author [[Michaela Haas]] writes.<ref>Haas, Michaela (2013). "Dakini Power: Twelve Extraordinary Women Shaping the Transmission of Tibetan Buddhism in the West." Shambhala Publications. {{ISBN|1559394072}}</ref> "Why not? What's the big deal?"<ref>{{cite news|title=Dalai Lama Says He Would Support A Woman Successor|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/24/dalai-lama-woman_n_3146425.html|publisher=The Huffington Post | first=Katherine|last=Bindley|date=2013-04-24}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Tibetan Buddhism|Tibet}}
* [[Tibetan Buddhism]]
** [[Gelug]]
*** [[List of Dalai Lamas]]
*** [[Panchen Lama]]
* [[History of Tibet]]
** [[List of rulers of Tibet]]
** [[14th Dalai Lama]]
* [[Engaged Spirituality]]
* [[Patron and priest relationship]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
* Bell, Sir Charles (1946). ''Portrait of the Dalai Lama'' Wm. Collins, London. 1st edition. (1987) Wisdom Publications, London. {{ISBN|086171055X}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last = Buswell |editor1-first = Robert E. |editor2-last = Lopez |editor2-first = Donald S. Jr. |title = Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. |date = 2014 |publisher = Princeton University Press |location = Princeton, NJ |ISBN = 978-0-691-15786-3 |ref = harv}}
* [[Alexandra David-Neel]] (1965). ''Magic & Mystery In Tibet''. Corgi Books.London. {{ISBN|0-552-08745-9}}.
* {{cite book |author1 = Dhondup, K |title = The Water-Horse and Other Years |date = 1984 |publisher = Library of Tibetan Works and Archives |location = Dharamsala |ref = harv}}
* {{cite book |author1 = Dhondup, K |title = The Water-Bird and Other Years |date = 1986 |publisher = Rangwang Publishers |location = New Delhi |ref = harv}}
* {{cite book |last1 = Dowman |first1 = Keith |title = The power-places of Central Tibet : the pilgrim's guide |date = 1988 |publisher = Routledge & Kegan Paul |location = London |ISBN = 0-7102-1370-0 |ref = harv}}
* Kapstein, Matthew (2006). ''The Tibetans''. Malden, MA, USA. Blackwell Publishing. {{ISBN|9780631225744}}.
* {{Cite book| first=Samten G. (Translator)| last=Karmay |authorlink=Samten Karmay |year=2014| title=The Illusive Play: The Autobiography of the Fifth Dalai Lama [aka 'Dukula']| publisher = Serindia Publications. Chicago|isbn=978-1-932476-67-5}}
* {{cite book |last1 = Laird |first1 = Thomas |title = The Story of Tibet : Conversations with the Dalai Lama |date = 2006 |publisher = Grove Press |location = New York |ISBN = 978-0-8021-1827-1 |edition = 1st |ref = harv}}
* {{cite book |author1 = McKay, A. |title = History of Tibet |date = 2003 |publisher = RoutledgeCurzon |ISBN = 978-0-7007-1508-4}}
* Mullin, Glenn H. (1982). ''Selected Works of the Dalai Lama VII: Songs of Spiritual Change'' (2nd ed., 1985). Snow Lion Publications, Inc. New York. {{ISBN|0-937938-30-0}}.
* Mullin, Glenn H. (1983). ''Selected Works of the Dalai Lama III: Essence of Refined Gold'' (2nd ed., 1985). Snow Lion Publications, Inc. New York. {{ISBN|0-937938-29-7}}.
* Mullin, Glenn H. (2001). ''The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation''. Clear Light Publishers. Santa Fe, NM. {{ISBN|1-57416-092-3}}.
* {{cite book |last1 = Norbu |first1 = Thubten Jigme |last2 = Turnbull |first2 = Colin M. |title = Tibet |date = 1968 |publisher = Simon and Schuster |location = New York |ISBN = 0-671-20559-5 |ref = harv}}
* {{cite book |last1 = Richardson |first1 = Hugh E. |title = Tibet and its history |date = 1984 |publisher = Shambhala |location = Boston |ISBN = 978-0-87773-376-8 |edition = 2nd ed., rev. and updated. |ref = harv}}
* Van Schaik, Sam (2011), ''Tibet. A History''. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
* {{cite book |last1 = Schulemann |first1 = Günther |title = Die Geschichte der Dalai Lamas |date = 1958 |publisher = Veb Otto Harrassowitz |location = Leipzig |ISBN = 978-3-530-50001-1 |ref = harv}}
* {{cite book |last = Stein |first = R. A. |title = Tibetan civilization |year = 1972 |publisher = Stanford Univ. Press |location = Stanford, Calif. |ISBN = 0-8047-0901-7 |edition = [English ed.]. |ref = harv }}
* Shakabpa, Tsepon W.D. (1967), ''Tibet: A Political History''. New York: Yale University Press, and (1984), Singapore: Potala Publications. {{ISBN|0961147415}}.
* {{cite book|last1=[[Shakabpa]]|first1=Tsepon W.D.|title=One Hundred Thousand Moons. An Advanced Political History of Tibet (2 vols)|date=2010|publisher=Brill's Tibetan Studies Library|location=Leiden (Netherlands), Boston (USA)|isbn=9789004177321}}
* {{cite journal |last1 = Sheel |first1 = R N Rahul |title = The Institution of the Dalai Lama |journal = The Tibet Journal |date = 1989 |volume = 15 |issue = 3 |ref = harv}}
* {{cite book |last1 = Smith |first1 = Warren W. |title = Tibetan Nation; A History of Tibetan Nationalism and Sino-Tibetan Relations. |date = 1997 |publisher = HarperCollins |location = New Delhi |ISBN = 0-8133-3155-2 |ref = harv}}
* {{cite book|author1=Snellgrove, David|author2=Richardson, Hugh|title=A Cultural History of Tibet|date=1986|publisher=Shambala Publications Inc|location=Boston & London|isbn=0-87773-354-6}}
* {{cite book |last1 = Stein |first1 = R. A. |title = Tibetan civilization |date = 1972 |publisher = Stanford Univ. Press |location = Stanford, Calif. |ISBN = 0-8047-0901-7 |edition = [English ed.]. |ref = harv}}
* {{cite book |author1 = Diki Tsering |title = Dalai Lama, my son : a mother's story |date = 2001 |publisher = Virgin |location = London |ISBN = 0-7535-0571-1 |ref = harv}}
* {{cite book |last1 = Veraegen |first1 = Ardy |title = The Dalai Lamas : the Institution and its history |date = 2002 |publisher = D.K. Printworld |location = New Delhi |ISBN = 978-8124602027 |ref = harv}}
* {{cite book |last1 = Ya |first1 = Hanzhang |title = The biographies of the Dalai Lamas |date = 1991 |publisher = Foreign Language Press |location = Beijing |ISBN = 978-7119012674 |edition = 1st |ref = harv}}
* {{Citation| first=Peter| last=Schwieger| title=The Dalai Lama and the Emperor of China: a political history of the Tibetan institution of reincarnation| location=New York| publisher=Columbia University Press| date=2014| oclc=905914446| isbn=978-0-231-53860-2| url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=dHoyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33}}
* Kawanami, C. C. (2016). Buddhism . In C. P. Linda Woodhead, ''Religions in the Modern World'' (p. 94). New York: Routledge.

== Further reading ==
* Dalai Lama. (1991) ''Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama.'' San Francisco, CA.
* Goodman, Michael H. (1986). ''The Last Dalai Lama''. Shambhala Publications. Boston, MA.
* [[Heinrich Harrer|Harrer, Heinrich]] (1951) ''[[Seven Years in Tibet]]: My Life Before, During and After''
* [[Samten Karmay|Karmay, Samten G.]] (Translator) (1988). ''Secret visions of the Fifth Dalai Lama.'' Serindia Publications, London. {{ISBN|0 906026 20 2}}.
* {{cite book |last1 = Silver |first1 = Murray |title = When Elvis Meets the Dalai Lama |date = 2005 |publisher = Bonaventture |location = Savannah, GA |ISBN = 978-0-9724224-4-4 |edition = 1st |ref = harv}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Dalai Lamas}}
*{{Official website |1 = http://www.dalailama.com}}
* {{dmoz|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Buddhism/Lineages/Tibetan/Dalai_Lama/}}

{{Dalai Lamas}}

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===Page is sourced from===

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